Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Zaibatsu shopping experience:
1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Zaibatsu offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Zaibatsu at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.
2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about
3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Zaibatsu? Wrong! If the Zaibatsu is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Zaibatsu then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Zaibatsu? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Zaibatsu and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.
6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Zaibatsu wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Zaibatsu then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Zaibatsu site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Zaibatsu, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Zaibatsu, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
is a Japanese language term referring to the "financial cliques," or business
conglomerate (company), whose influence and size allowed for control over significant parts of the
Japanese economy throughout the Edo Period and
Meiji period periods. The term was commonly used up until the end of the
Pacific War (
World War II).
History and significance
"Zaibatsu"
The term zaibatsu was used in the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century to refer to large family-controlled banking and Industry combines in
Japan. While the term was used arbitrarily in the
United States throughout the
1980s to refer to any large Japanese corporation, it is not used natively by Japanese speakers for anything other than History discussions in reference to Edo- and Meiji-era zaibatsu.
Historical influence
The of
Mitsubishi, Mitsui,
Sumitomo Group and Yasuda are the most historically significant zaibatsu groups, having roots stemming from the Edo period of Japanese history. During this period and later into the Meiji period, the Tokugawa Shogunate shogunate employed their services and financial powers for various endeavors, which the zaibatsu often provided free of charge in exchange for the privilege of using government funds. Watkins, Thayer.
The Zaibatsu of Japan After the Russo-Japanese War, a number of so-called "second-tier" zaibatsu also emerged, mostly as the result of business conglomerations. Some more famous second-tier zaibatsu included the Okura, Furukawa, Nakajima Aircraft Company, and
Nissan Group groups, among several others.
Postwar dissolution
The zaibatsu were dissolved by reformers during the
Allies occupation of Japan. Their controlling
Family assets were seized,
holding company (the previous "heads" of the zaibatsu conglomerates) eliminated, and interlocking
Board of directors, essential to the old
system of intercompany coordination, were outlawed. Among the zaibatsu that were targeted by the
Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers for dissolution in
1946 were Asano, Furukawa, Nakajima, Nissan, Nomura, and Okura. Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., while not a zaibatsu, was originally targeted for breakup, but was saved by a petition signed by 15,000 of its
trade union workers and their families. Morck & Nakamura, p. 33
Complete dissolution of the zaibatsu was never achieved by Allied reformers or SCAP, mostly because U.S. government rescinded the SCAP orders to deconcentrate Japan's large companies in an effort to reindustrialize Japan as a bulwark against Communism in Asia.In his 1967 memoirs, Kennan wrote that aside from the
Marshall Plan, setting the "reverse course" in Japan was "the most significant contribution I was ever able to make in government." George F. Kennan,
Memoirs, 1925-50 (Boston, 1967), 393. Zaibatsu as a whole were widely considered to be beneficial to the Japanese economy and government, and the opinions of the Japanese public, of the zaibatsu workers and management, and of the entrenched
bureaucracy regarding plans for zaibatsu dissolution ranged from unenthusiastic to disapproving. Additionally, the changing politics of the Occupation during the
reverse course served as a crippling, if not terminal, roadblock to zaibatsu elimination.
Modern-day influence
Today, the influence of the zaibatsu can still be seen in the form of financial groups, institutions, and larger companies whose origins reach back to the original zaibatsu, often sharing the same original family names (for example,
Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation). However, some argue that the "old mechanisms of financial and administrative control" that zaibatsu once enjoyed have been destroyed. Despite the absence of an actualized sweeping change to the existence of large industrial conglomerates in Japan, the zaibatsu's previous vertical integration chain of command, ending with a single family, has now widely been displaced by the Horizontal plane relationships of association and coordination characteristic of . Keiretsu, meaning "series" or "subsidiary", could be interpreted as being suggestive of this difference.
List of zaibatsu
The Big Four
Second-tier zaibatsu
Bankrupt zaibatsu
Zaibatsu in popular culture
The term has been used often in books, comics, videogames and movies, referring to large, Japanese
corporations, who are often involved in shady dealings and/or have connections to the
Yakuza. Examples include the
Mishima Zaibatsu which is mentioned throughout the
Tekken series and the 'Zaibatsu' criminal group in Grand Theft Auto 2. The character Karin in the
Street Fighter series belongs to the Kanzuki Zaibatsu. In the Tom Clancy book 'Debt of Honor', a group of zaibatsu seize control of Japan and invade the US-held Mariana Islands. In other cases zaibatsu are used simply to provide the background for a character from an influential family, such as in the case of the F4 in
Boys Over Flowers who are the sons/heirs of the 4 (fictional) biggest corporations in Japan; this is an obvious reference to the Big Four. Sonoko Suzuki of Meitantei Conan is a daughter of the chairman of Suzuki Zaibatsu, and, more prominently, Kaoru Hanabishi of Hanabishi Zaibatsu and Aoi Sakuraba of Sakuraba Group in
Ai Yori Aoshi; In
William Gibson's
Sprawl trilogy, 'Zaibatsu' is the generic term used for the mega-corporations prevalent in the futuristic world in which the plot is set.
See also
References and further reading
- Alletzhauser, Albert J. The House of Nomura. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991. ISBN 0-06-097397-8.
- Allinson, Gary D. Japan's Postwar History. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8014-3312-6.
- Aoki, Masahiko & Hyung-Ki Kim. Corporate Governance in Transitional Economies: Insider Control and the Role of Banks. Retrieved online 28 June 2004. Print edition: Washington, D.C.: World Bank Office of the Publisher, 1995. ISBN 0-8213-2990-1.
- Morck, Randall and Masao Nakamura. A Frog in a Well Knows Nothing of the Ocean: A History of Corporate Ownership in Japan.
- Morikawa, Hidemasa. Zaibatsu: The Rise and Fall of Family Enterprise Groups in Japan. Tokyo, Japan: University of Tokyo Press, 1992.
External links
- The Zaibatsu of Japan
- Japanese article about zaibatsu
is a Japanese language term referring to the "financial cliques," or business
conglomerate (company), whose influence and size allowed for control over significant parts of the
Japanese economy throughout the Edo Period and Meiji period periods. The term was commonly used up until the end of the Pacific War (
World War II).
History and significance
"Zaibatsu"
The term zaibatsu was used in the
19th century and the first half of the
20th century to refer to large family-controlled
banking and Industry combines in
Japan. While the term was used arbitrarily in the United States throughout the 1980s to refer to any large Japanese
corporation, it is not used natively by Japanese speakers for anything other than History discussions in reference to Edo- and Meiji-era zaibatsu.
Historical influence
The of
Mitsubishi,
Mitsui,
Sumitomo Group and
Yasuda are the most historically significant zaibatsu groups, having roots stemming from the Edo period of Japanese history. During this period and later into the Meiji period, the
Tokugawa Shogunate shogunate employed their services and financial powers for various endeavors, which the zaibatsu often provided free of charge in exchange for the privilege of using government funds. Watkins, Thayer.
The Zaibatsu of Japan After the Russo-Japanese War, a number of so-called "second-tier" zaibatsu also emerged, mostly as the result of business conglomerations. Some more famous second-tier zaibatsu included the
Okura, Furukawa,
Nakajima Aircraft Company, and
Nissan Group groups, among several others.
Postwar dissolution
The zaibatsu were dissolved by reformers during the
Allies occupation of Japan. Their controlling
Family assets were seized,
holding company (the previous "heads" of the zaibatsu conglomerates) eliminated, and interlocking Board of directors, essential to the old system of intercompany coordination, were outlawed. Among the zaibatsu that were targeted by the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers for dissolution in
1946 were Asano, Furukawa, Nakajima, Nissan,
Nomura, and Okura.
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., while not a zaibatsu, was originally targeted for breakup, but was saved by a petition signed by 15,000 of its
trade union workers and their families. Morck & Nakamura, p. 33
Complete dissolution of the zaibatsu was never achieved by Allied reformers or SCAP, mostly because U.S. government rescinded the SCAP orders to deconcentrate Japan's large companies in an effort to reindustrialize Japan as a bulwark against Communism in Asia.In his 1967 memoirs, Kennan wrote that aside from the Marshall Plan, setting the "reverse course" in Japan was "the most significant contribution I was ever able to make in government." George F. Kennan,
Memoirs, 1925-50 (Boston, 1967), 393. Zaibatsu as a whole were widely considered to be beneficial to the Japanese economy and government, and the opinions of the Japanese public, of the zaibatsu workers and management, and of the entrenched
bureaucracy regarding plans for zaibatsu dissolution ranged from unenthusiastic to disapproving. Additionally, the changing
politics of the Occupation during the reverse course served as a crippling, if not terminal, roadblock to zaibatsu elimination.
Modern-day influence
Today, the influence of the zaibatsu can still be seen in the form of financial groups, institutions, and larger companies whose origins reach back to the original zaibatsu, often sharing the same original family names (for example, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation). However, some argue that the "old mechanisms of financial and administrative control" that zaibatsu once enjoyed have been destroyed. Despite the absence of an actualized sweeping change to the existence of large industrial conglomerates in Japan, the zaibatsu's previous
vertical integration chain of command, ending with a single family, has now widely been displaced by the Horizontal plane relationships of association and coordination characteristic of .
Keiretsu, meaning "series" or "subsidiary", could be interpreted as being suggestive of this difference.
List of zaibatsu
The Big Four
Second-tier zaibatsu
Bankrupt zaibatsu
Zaibatsu in popular culture
The term has been used often in books, comics, videogames and movies, referring to large, Japanese corporations, who are often involved in shady dealings and/or have connections to the
Yakuza. Examples include the Mishima Zaibatsu which is mentioned throughout the Tekken series and the 'Zaibatsu' criminal group in
Grand Theft Auto 2. The character Karin in the
Street Fighter series belongs to the Kanzuki Zaibatsu. In the Tom Clancy book 'Debt of Honor', a group of zaibatsu seize control of Japan and invade the US-held Mariana Islands. In other cases zaibatsu are used simply to provide the background for a character from an influential family, such as in the case of the F4 in
Boys Over Flowers who are the sons/
heirs of the 4 (fictional) biggest corporations in Japan; this is an obvious reference to the Big Four. Sonoko Suzuki of Meitantei Conan is a daughter of the chairman of Suzuki Zaibatsu, and, more prominently, Kaoru Hanabishi of Hanabishi Zaibatsu and Aoi Sakuraba of Sakuraba Group in Ai Yori Aoshi; In
William Gibson's Sprawl trilogy, 'Zaibatsu' is the generic term used for the mega-corporations prevalent in the futuristic world in which the plot is set.
See also
References and further reading
- Alletzhauser, Albert J. The House of Nomura. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991. ISBN 0-06-097397-8.
- Allinson, Gary D. Japan's Postwar History. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8014-3312-6.
- Aoki, Masahiko & Hyung-Ki Kim. Corporate Governance in Transitional Economies: Insider Control and the Role of Banks. Retrieved online 28 June 2004. Print edition: Washington, D.C.: World Bank Office of the Publisher, 1995. ISBN 0-8213-2990-1.
- Morck, Randall and Masao Nakamura. A Frog in a Well Knows Nothing of the Ocean: A History of Corporate Ownership in Japan.
- Morikawa, Hidemasa. Zaibatsu: The Rise and Fall of Family Enterprise Groups in Japan. Tokyo, Japan: University of Tokyo Press, 1992.
External links
- The Zaibatsu of Japan
- Japanese article about zaibatsu
Zaibatsu - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Zaibatsu (財閥; ざいばつ, lit. property?) is a Japanese term referring to industrial and financial business conglomerates in the Empire of Japan, whose influence and size ...
Twitter / zaibatsu
Twitter is a free social messaging utility for staying connected in real-time ... Hey there! zaibatsu is using Twitter. Twitter is a free service that lets you keep in touch with ...
Tekken Zaibatsu - Tekken 6 - Game Data
Your Ultimate Tekken Resource on the Net ... Unofficial Translation! The 5th “King of the Iron Fist Tournament” has ended with Heihachi Mishima missing and the eventual winner ...
Tekken Zaibatsu
Fan site with move lists, combos, movies, FAQs, strategies, discussion, stories, and write-ups by other fans.
THE ZAIBATSU OF JAPAN
applet-magic.com Thayer Watkins Silicon Valley & Tornado Alley USA
Digg / zaibatsu
Digg is a place for people to discover and share content from anywhere on the web. From the biggest online destinations to the most obscure blog, Digg surfaces the best stuff as ...
zaibatsu. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-07
zaibatsu. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-07 ... z ´bäts) (KEY) [Jap.,=money clique], the great family-controlled banking and industrial combines of modern Japan.
zaibatsu - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about zaibatsu
The old, family-owned Japanese zaibatsu had been involved in the military build-up preceding World War II, and in 1945, after the country's defeat, were broken up by the ...
Zaibatsu financial definition of Zaibatsu. Zaibatsu finance term by ...
Zaibatsu. Large family-owned conglomerates that controlled much of the economy of Japan prior to World War II.
Dictionary of Difficult Words - zaibatsu
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